Which of the following best defines environmental geography?
A a) Study of weather only
B b) Study of human–environment interactions
C c) Study of political boundaries
D d) Study of stellar dynamics
Environmental geography links physical processes with human activities and their impacts.
Which cycle most directly controls the movement of water between ocean, land, and atmosphere?
A a) Carbon cycle
B b) Nitrogen cycle
C c) Hydrological cycle
D d) Phosphorus cycle
The hydrological cycle governs evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
The term “carrying capacity” refers to:
A a) Maximum speed of species migration
B b) Maximum population an environment can sustain
C c) Maximum yield of a crop per hectare
D d) Maximum depth of groundwater table
It’s the threshold beyond which resources cannot sustainably support a population.
Which is a regulating ecosystem service?
A a) Food production
B b) Pollination
C c) Climate regulation
D d) Recreation
Regulating services moderate natural processes like climate, floods, and disease.
The IPAT equation expresses environmental impact as:
A a) I = P × A × T
B b) I = P + A + T
C c) I = P/A × T
D d) I = A – P + T
Impact equals Population × Affluence × Technology.
Eutrophication in lakes is primarily caused by excess:
A a) Sodium and chloride
B b) Nitrogen and phosphorus
C c) Calcium and magnesium
D d) Iron and manganese
Nutrient enrichment causes algal blooms and oxygen depletion.
An environmental Kuznets curve suggests that as income rises, environmental degradation:
A a) Always increases linearly
B b) Always decreases linearly
C c) First increases, then decreases
D d) Remains constant
Pollution tends to rise at low–middle incomes and decline at higher incomes with better policies.
Which protocol specifically targets substances that deplete stratospheric ozone?
A a) Kyoto Protocol
B b) Paris Agreement
C c) Montreal Protocol
D d) Basel Convention
Montreal phased out CFCs and related ozone-depleting substances.
Which is the most comprehensive indicator of national environmental performance among the following?
A a) GDP growth rate
B b) Ecological Footprint
C c) Inflation rate
D d) Forex reserves
It estimates resource demand relative to Earth’s biocapacity.
The term “biocapacity” means:
A a) Maximum fish catch per season
B b) Capacity of ecosystems to regenerate resources and absorb wastes
C c) Maximum soil moisture content
D d) Biodiversity count of an area
It’s the supply-side complement to the ecological footprint.
Which of the following is an example of a point source pollutant?
A a) Vehicle emissions across a city
B b) Smoke from forest fires
C c) Discharge from a factory outfall pipe
D d) Dust blown from farmland
Point sources are discrete, identifiable emission points.
Urban heat islands are primarily driven by:
A a) Increased ocean albedo
B b) High vegetation cover
C c) Impervious surfaces and waste heat
D d) High altitude winds
Asphalt, concrete, and anthropogenic heat raise urban temperatures.
Which concept encourages minimizing waste by keeping materials in use?
A a) Linear economy
B b) Circular economy
C c) Primary economy
D d) Barter economy
It promotes reuse, repair, remanufacture, and recycling.
“Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES)” involves:
A a) Taxing polluters only
B b) Paying land stewards for conservation outcomes
C c) Subsidizing fossil fuels
D d) Funding only urban parks
PES financially incentivizes ecosystem protection or restoration.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates impacts:
A a) Only during product use
B b) Only during manufacturing
C c) Across extraction to disposal
D d) Only at disposal stage
LCA considers cradle-to-grave environmental burdens.