If a and b are non-zero vectors with a·b=0, then they are
A Parallel
B Perpendicular
C Equal
D Same direction
Zero dot product implies orthogonality.
A non-empty set V with two operations is a group if
A Closure only
B Closure, associativity, identity, inverse
C Commutativity only
D Distributive law holds
Group axioms: closure, associativity, identity, inverse.
A ring in which every non-zero element has a multiplicative inverse is
A Group
B Field
C Vector space
D Lattice
Field: every non-zero element has multiplicative inverse.
Let T: V→V be a linear map on finite-dimensional space. If T is one–one, then
A It is onto
B Not onto
C Cannot be onto
D Rank(T)=0
In finite-dimensional spaces, injective linear map ⇒ surjective (if domain and codomain same dimension).
Sum of eigenvalues of a square matrix equals
A Determinant
B Trace
C Rank
D Order
Sum of eigenvalues = trace (sum of diagonal elements).
Cauchy–Riemann conditions in polar form involve
A ∂u/∂r, ∂u/∂θ, ∂v/∂r, ∂v/∂θ
B Only ∂u/∂x, ∂v/∂y
C Only ∂u/∂y, ∂v/∂x
D Second derivatives
Polar form uses derivatives with respect to r and θ.
Sequence aₙ = 1/n converges to
A 0
B 1
C ∞
D −1
1/n → 0 as n → ∞.
Infinite series ∑_{n=1}^{∞} 1/n is
A Convergent (p-series p>1)
B Divergent (harmonic series)
C Alternating convergent
D Absolutely convergent
Harmonic series diverges.
Newton–Raphson iteration formula for f(x)=x³−a is
A x_{n+1} = x_n − (x_n³ − a)/(3 x_n²)
B x_{n+1} = x_n − 3x_n²/(x_n³ − a)
C x_{n+1} = x_n + (x_n³ − a)/(3 x_n²)
D x_{n+1} = a/x_n
Newton-Raphson: x_{n+1} = x_n − f(x_n)/f'(x_n); here f’ = 3x_n².
Trapezoidal rule for ∫_a^b f(x) dx with n subintervals is
A h∑ f(x_i)
B (h/2)[f(x_0)+2∑_{i=1}^{n-1} f(x_i)+f(x_n)]
C (h/3)[f(x_0)+4∑ f(x_{odd})+2∑ f(x_{even})+f(x_n)]
D (h/6)[f(x_0)+4f(x_1)+f(x_2)]
Trapezoidal composite formula is (h/2)[f(x0) + 2Σ f(xi) + f(xn)].
In LPP, feasible region is convex polygon because
A Objective function is linear
B Constraints are linear inequalities
C Both A and B
D Always finite
Linear inequality constraints form a convex feasible region.
For scalar field φ(x,y,z), gradient ∇φ is
A Scalar
B Vector
C Tensor
D Constant
Gradient is a vector field of partial derivatives.
Divergence of constant vector field is
A Zero
B Constant non-zero
C Infinity
D Undefined
Divergence of a constant vector field is zero (no spatial variation).
If X is binomial(n,p), then mean and variance are
A np, np
B np, np(1−p)
C np(1−p), np
D np², np(1−p)
For Binomial: mean = np, variance = np(1−p).
Correlation coefficient r lies between
A −1 and 1
B 0 and 1
C −2 and 2
D 1 and 2
Pearson r ∈ [−1, 1].
If standard deviation is 0, then coefficient of variation is
A 0
B 1
C Infinity
D Undefined (if mean 0)
If SD = 0 and mean ≠ 0, CV = 0.
Mean of numbers 2,4,6,8,10 is
A 5
B 6
C 7
D 8
Mean = (2+4+6+8+10)/5 = 30/5 = 6.
If A and B are independent events with P(A)=0.4, P(B)=0.5, then P(A∩B) is
A 0.2
B 0.4
C 0.5
D 0.9
Independence ⇒ P(A∩B)=P(A)P(B) = 0.4×0.5 = 0.2.
Bayes’ theorem is mainly used to
A Find prior probability
B Find posterior probability
C Find sample space
D Find mean
Bayes’ theorem gives posterior probability given evidence.
In 3D, equation of plane passing through origin and normal vector (1,2,3) is
A x+2y+3z=0
B x−2y+3z=0
C x+2y−3z=0
D x−2y−3z=0
Plane through origin with normal (1,2,3): 1·x + 2·y + 3·z = 0.
Angle between vectors a and b can be found using
A a×b
B a·b
C determinant of matrix
D trace of matrix
Use dot product a·b = |a||b|cosθ → θ = arccos((a·b)/(|a||b|)).
If f(x,y) has continuous partial derivatives, ∂²f/∂x∂y equals ∂²f/∂y∂x due to
A Green’s theorem
B Clairaut’s theorem
C Cauchy–Riemann theorem
D Mean value theorem
Equality of mixed partials (under continuity) is Clairaut’s theorem.
Jacobian of transformation from (x,y) to (u,v) is
A ∂(u,v)/∂(x,y)
B ∂(x,y)/∂(u,v)
C Always 1
D Always 0
Jacobian is determinant of partials ∂(u,v)/∂(x,y).
Finite differences: Δy = y_{x+h} − y_x corresponds to
A Forward difference
B Backward difference
C Central difference
D None
Δy = y(x+h) − y(x) is forward difference.
For simple graph of straight line, trapezoidal rule is
A Exact
B Approximate only
C Always overestimates
D Always underestimates
Trapezoidal rule integrates linear functions exactly.
In linear programming, a feasible solution that optimises objective function is called
A Basic solution
B Optimal solution
C Degenerate solution
D Trivial solution
The feasible solution that gives best objective value is optimal.
A body moves with uniform acceleration 2 m/s² from rest. Its velocity after 5 s is
A 5 m/s
B 10 m/s
C 15 m/s
D 20 m/s
v = u + at = 0 + 2×5 = 10 m/s.
A force of 10 N acts on mass 2 kg. Acceleration is
A 2 m/s²
B 4 m/s²
C 5 m/s²
D 10 m/s²
a = F/m = 10/2 = 5 m/s².
Work done in lifting 10 kg mass through 2 m (g=9.8≈10 m/s²) is
A 20 J
B 100 J
C 200 J
D 400 J
Work = mgh ≈ 10×10×2 = 200 J.
Kinetic energy of 5 kg body moving at 4 m/s is
A 10 J
B 20 J
C 40 J
D 40 J?
KE = 1/2 m v² = 0.5×5×16 = 40 J.
Dimension of momentum is
A MLT⁻¹
B ML²T⁻²
C ML²T⁻¹
D MT⁻¹
Momentum = mass × velocity → M L T⁻¹.
Centre of mass of two equal masses at x=0 and x=a lies at
A 0
B a/2
C a
D 2a
For equal masses at 0 and a, COM = (0 + a)/2 = a/2.
Rotational kinetic energy of rigid body is
A (1/2)mr²
B (1/2)Iω²
C Iω
D mgh
Rotational KE = 1/2 I ω².
Escape velocity from a planet of mass M and radius R is proportional to
A √(M/R)
B √(R/M)
C M/R²
D R²/M
v_escape ∝ √(2GM/R) → √(M/R).
In elastic collision, which is conserved?
A Momentum only
B Kinetic energy only
C Both momentum and kinetic energy
D Neither
Elastic collisions conserve both momentum and kinetic energy.
Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) of gas is always
A less than Cv
B equal to Cv
C greater than Cv
D unrelated to Cv
Cp = Cv + R (for ideal gas) → Cp > Cv.
Second law of thermodynamics introduces concept of
A internal energy
B entropy
C enthalpy
D pressure
Second law formalizes entropy and irreversibility.
Velocity of sound in ideal gas is proportional to
A √T
B T
C 1/T
D 1/√T
v ∝ √T for ideal gases.
For wave y = 0.02 sin(4πt − 2πx), SI units, frequency is
A 1 Hz
B 2 Hz
C 3 Hz
D 4 Hz
ω = 4π → f = ω/2π = 2 Hz.
In SHM, a = −ω²x shows that
A Acceleration in phase with displacement
B Acceleration opposite to displacement
C Velocity constant
D Energy constant
For closed organ pipe of length L, fundamental frequency is
A v/2L
B v/4L
C v/L
D v/8L
Principle of superposition is applicable to
A Only sound
B Only light
C Mechanical and electromagnetic waves
D Only longitudinal waves
Coulomb’s law force between two charges q₁ and q₂ separated by r in vacuum is proportional to
A q₁q₂/r²
B q₁+q₂
C 1/r
D r²
Electric field inside a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium is
A Very large
B Zero
C Constant non-zero
D Variable
Capacitance of parallel-plate capacitor is doubled if
A Distance doubled
B Area doubled
C ε₀ halved
D Dielectric removed
Two resistors 4 Ω and 6 Ω in series across 10 V. Current is
A 0.5 A
B 1 A
C 2 A
D 5 A
(R = 4 + 6 = 10 Ω)
In series combination of resistors, equivalent resistance is
A Less than smallest
B Greater than greatest
C Between them
D Always zero
Magnetic field at centre of long straight current-carrying conductor is
A μ₀I/2πr
B μ₀I/2r
C μ₀I/r²
D 0
Faraday’s law of EMI states induced emf equals
A Rate of change of charge
B Rate of change of flux
C Rate of change of resistance
D Rate of change of energy
Lenz’s law gives direction such that
A Aids cause producing it
B Opposes change in flux
C Independent of flux
D Random
At resonance in series LCR circuit, power factor is
A 0
B 0.5
C 1
D −1
Electromagnetic waves are
A Longitudinal
B Transverse
C Both
D Neither
Speed of EM waves in vacuum is
A 3×10⁶ m/s
B 3×10⁸ m/s
C 3×10¹⁰ m/s
D 3×10⁵ m/s
Refractive index μ = c/v relates to
A wave speed in medium v and vacuum c
B wavelength only
C frequency only
D amplitude
Power of convex lens of focal length 0.2 m is
A +2 D
B +3 D
C +5 D
D +10 D
(P = 1/f = 1/0.2 = 5 D)
Condition for total internal reflection:
A Light from denser to rarer and angle of incidence less than critical
B Denser to rarer and angle > critical
C Rarer to denser
D Any medium, any angle
Interference fringes are due to
A Addition of intensities
B Addition of amplitudes (superposition)
C Reflection only
D Refraction only
In photoelectric effect, stopping potential depends on
A Intensity only
B Frequency of incident light
C Area of plate
D Time of exposure
Threshold frequency is
A Minimum frequency needed to emit electrons
B Maximum frequency
C Any frequency
D Frequency corresponding to stopping potential
De Broglie wavelength of particle of momentum p is
A h·p
B h/p
C hp²
D p/h
Uncertainty principle relates
A Δx and Δp
B Δx and ΔE
C ΔE and Δt
D Both A and C
In n-type semiconductor, Fermi level lies
A Near conduction band
B Near valence band
C In mid-gap
D Outside bands
A p–n junction under forward bias has
A Increased barrier width
B Decreased barrier width
C No current
D Infinite resistance
Rectifier converts
A AC to DC
B DC to AC
C High voltage to low
D Low voltage to high
Logic gate which gives output 1 only when all inputs 1 is
A OR
B AND
C NAND
D NOR
Majority carriers in p-type semiconductor are
A Electrons
B Holes
C Protons
D Neutrons
Binding energy per nucleon is maximum for nuclei in region of
A Very light
B Very heavy
C Intermediate mass (Fe region)
D Only hydrogen
In fission, heavy nucleus splits into
A Two or more lighter nuclei with energy release
B One heavier nucleus
C Alpha particle only
D Gamma rays only
Elementary particles with integer spin are called
A Fermions
B Bosons
C Baryons
D Leptons
Quarks carry
A Integer electric charge
B Fractional electric charge
C No charge
D Only colour charge, no electric
Superconductors have
A Zero resistivity and show Meissner effect
B Large resistivity
C High temperature operation
D Only diamagnetism without zero resistance
“Child is an active constructor of knowledge” is central idea of
A Behaviourism
B Constructivism
C Classical conditioning
D Trial and error theory
In inclusive classroom, CWSN stands for
A Children with Social Needs
B Children with Special Needs
C Child Welfare in State Network
D Child Work Support Network
Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation lays emphasis on
A Only annual examination
B One-time board exam
C Regular assessment of scholastic and co-scholastic areas
D Oral exam only
Best method to diagnose misconceptions in Mathematics is
A Only objective test
B Concept mapping and probing questions
C Dictation
D Mechanical drill work
“Learning by doing” approach was strongly supported by
A J. Bruner
B J. Dewey
C S. Freud
D I. Pavlov
Criterion-referenced tests are used mainly to
A Compare students with each other
B Compare performance with fixed learning standards
C Rank schools
D Select for jobs
In “Assessment for Learning”, primary focus is on
A Grading only
B Feedback for improvement
C Certification
D Promotion to next class
“Language Across Curriculum” implies
A Language taught only in language periods
B Use of rich language in all subjects
C Only grammar teaching
D Only translation
Guidance and counselling in schools aim to
A Punish weak students
B Provide academic, personal, vocational assistance
C Maintain discipline only
D Conduct exams
In constructivist classroom, evaluation should be
A Only memory based
B Process and product both oriented
C Completely ignored
D Only oral
“Digital Personal Data Protection Act” of India received President’s assent in
A 2021
B 2022
C 2023
D 2024
National Education Policy (NEP) was approved in
A 2018
B 2019
C 2020
D 2021
Which river is called “Dakshin Ganga”?
A Godavari
B Krishna
C Narmada
D Kaveri
“Vande Bharat” trains are mainly related to
A Renewable energy
B High-speed semi-high-speed passenger trains
C Highway construction
D Rural housing
Presidency of G20 Summit hosted by India was in
A 2021
B 2022
C 2023
D 2024
“NITI Aayog” replaced Planning Commission in
A 2013
B 2014
C 2015
D 2016
Headquarters of International Solar Alliance (ISA) is in
A Paris
B New Delhi
C Gurugram
D Bengaluru
Deepavali (Diwali) was recently inscribed on UNESCO’s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in
A 2023
B 2024
C 2025
D 2020
As per Himachal Pradesh Budget 2024–25, revenue deficit is estimated at around what percent of GSDP?
A 1%
B 2%
C 3.3%
D 4.7%
Fiscal deficit of Himachal Pradesh in 2024–25 is targeted at about
A 2.0% of GSDP
B 4.7% of GSDP
C 6.5% of GSDP
D 1.5% of GSDP
Budget 2025–26 of Himachal Pradesh is proposed at roughly
A ₹45,000 crore
B ₹52,000 crore
C ₹58,500 crore
D ₹65,000 crore
In HP Budget 2025–26, estimated per capita income at current prices is about
A ₹1,50,000
B ₹2,00,000
C ₹2,57,000
D ₹3,00,000
Himachal Pradesh Government’s “Him Bhog Atta” initiative is related to
A Organic pulses export
B Natural barley flour and maize flour supply via PDS
C Solar power plant subsidy
D Apple cold storage network
Himachal Pradesh has launched electric taxi subsidy programme mainly to
A Reduce diesel imports and promote green mobility
B Increase diesel sales
C Replace buses entirely
D Promote only tourism in plains
Dehra–Gopipur bridge, for which HP High Court recently ordered urgent maintenance using audit funds, is on river
A Ravi
B Beas
C Sutlej
D Yamuna
The convocation of Dr Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry (Nauni) where Governor highlighted natural farming and high-value crops, was which edition?
A 10th
B 12th
C 14th
D 16th
HP CM Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu has repeatedly stated aim to make state financially self-reliant by about
A 2025
B 2026
C 2027
D 2030
Structural pattern of HP’s economy shows highest share in GSDP from
A Primary sector only
B Secondary (industrial) sector
C Tertiary (services) sector
D Mining
Diwali’s inclusion in UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list was announced during which committee session hosted by India for the first time?
A 15th
B 18th
C 20th
D 25th
The 44th India International Trade Fair (IITF-2025) at Bharat Mandapam, Pragati Maidan, had which theme?
A Atmanirbhar Bharat
B Startup India
C Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat
D Make in India
Angola recently joined which India-led global initiatives?
International Solar Alliance (ISA)
Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA)
International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)
Select correct answer:
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 and 3 only
C 1 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
Many November 2025 current-affairs compilations highlight which major cultural festival in India as key observance that month?
A Holi
B Diwali
C Dussehra
D Onam
In recent global climate diplomacy, 2025 UN Climate Change Conference (COP) is scheduled in
A India
B Brazil
C UAE
D UK
The “Most Important Current Affairs of November 2025” highlight new Indian policies emphasising
A Reduced digitisation
B Strengthening digital governance & ease of business
C Closing MSMEs
D Ending renewable energy programmes
2025 compilations on “Summits Current Affairs” are primarily useful for aspirants of
A Only medical exams
B Only engineering exams
C Banking, SSC, UPSC and similar
D Only sports quizzes
Himachal Pradesh Government’s launch of multiple welfare schemes in December 2024 included
A Him Bhog Atta and e-taxi schemes
B Only sports scholarships
C Only defence manufacturing
D Only metro rail
Which international body releases “World Economic Outlook” frequently cited in 2025 economic current affairs?
A World Bank
B IMF
C WTO
D UNDP
“Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA)”, featured in 2025 current affairs, is a platform particularly emphasised by
A USA
B Russia
C India
D Japan
The UN session marking 20 years of International Convention against Doping in Sport in 2025 was linked to global commitment towards
A Child labour
B Clean sport
C Space research
D Tourism
According to several 2025 current affairs digests, which sector remains a major focus area for new Indian schemes:
A Only heavy industry
B Youth employment, agriculture modernisation & women empowerment
C Arms race
D Gold hoarding
A mixture has milk:water = 3:1 and volume 24 L. Milk quantity is
A 6 L
B 12 L
C 18 L
D 20 L
If SP = ₹600, profit = 20%. Cost price is
A ₹480
B ₹500
C ₹520
D ₹550
(CP = 600/1.2)
Simple interest on ₹5000 at 8% per annum for 3 years is
A ₹800
B ₹1000
C ₹1200
D ₹1500
If P(A)=0.7, P(B)=0.5 and A,B independent, then P(A∪B) is
A 0.85
B 0.9
C 0.95
D 1
(P(A∪B)=0.7+0.5−0.35=0.85)
Next term in series: 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, ?
A 35
B 37
C 38
D 40
(Differences: 3,5,7,9 → next 11 → 26+11=37)
If in a certain code, HILL is written as IGMM, then TREE is coded as
A USFF
B USFF?
C SRDD
D VRGG
Choose the correct option: “Neither the students nor the teacher _____ happy with the noise.”
A are
B were
C is
D be
Correct indirect speech: He said, “I am preparing for the TGT exam.”
A He said that he is preparing for the TGT exam.
B He said that he was preparing for the TGT exam.
C He told that he was preparing for the TGT exam.
D He says that he was preparing for the TGT exam.
Choose the correct article: “He is _____ honest man.”
A a
B an
C the
D no article
Antonym of “compulsory” is
A optional
B necessary
C binding
D essential
Suitable one-word for “a person who speaks many languages”
A linguist
B polyglot
C orator
D translator
“बाल + मित्र” का समासिक रूप है
A बालमित्र
B बाल:मित्र
C मित्रबाल
D बालोंमित्र
“हीरा” शब्द का विलोम है
A पत्थर
B कोयला
C काँच
D कोई शुद्ध विलोम नहीं
वाक्य में अशुद्धि पहचानिए – “उसने मुझसे कहा कि मैं कल आएगा।”
A उसने
B मुझसे
C मैं
D आएगा
(Correct: “मैं” should be changed to “वह” or use “मैं कल आऊँगा”)
“जल्दी-जल्दी” किस प्रकार का शब्द है?
A समास
B तत्सम
C अव्यय / क्रिया विशेषण
D संज्ञा
Blood group which is universal donor is
A A+
B B+
C O−
D AB+
Acid present in vinegar is
A HCl
B H₂SO₄
C Acetic acid
D Citric acid
“Right to Constitutional Remedies” is mentioned in Article
A 32
B 14
C 21
D 19
Tropic of Cancer passes through which Indian state?
A Himachal Pradesh
B Punjab
C Rajasthan
D Kerala
Main objective of “Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)” was