A hazard becomes a disaster when:
A a) It is forecast accurately
B b) Exposure and vulnerability cause severe impacts
C c) It occurs in an uninhabited area
D d) It is small in magnitude
Which scale measures earthquake magnitude based on seismic energy release?
A a) Mercalli scale
B b) Saffir–Simpson scale
C c) Richter or Moment magnitude
D d) Beaufort scale
Tsunamis are most commonly generated by:
A a) Volcanic ash fall
B b) Submarine earthquakes causing seafloor displacement
C c) Wind setup
D d) Coastal dune migration
The “disaster management cycle” typically includes:
A a) Only response and recovery
B b) Prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery
C c) Preparedness only
D d) Mitigation only
A lahar is:
A a) A pyroclastic surge
B b) A volcanic mudflow
C c) A lava dome
D d) A fault scarp
Which of the following most directly reduces landslide risk?
A a) Clear-cutting slopes
B b) Over-irrigation
C c) Slope drainage and retaining structures
D d) Unplanned road cutting
The Saffir–Simpson scale classifies:
A a) Tornado intensity
B b) Drought severity
C c) Tropical cyclone category by wind speed
D d) Flood frequency
“All-hazards approach” in planning means:
A a) Focusing on one most probable hazard
B b) Preparing for a range of hazards with common capabilities
C c) Ignoring rare events
D d) Relying solely on insurance
The term “return period” refers to:
A a) Time a flood lasts
B b) Average interval between events of a given magnitude
C c) Time to rebuild after a disaster
D d) Response time of emergency teams
Earthquake early warning relies primarily on detecting:
A a) Surface waves first
B b) P-waves to warn before strong S-waves
C c) Aftershocks
D d) Liquefaction signals
In drought assessment, SPI stands for:
A a) Standardized Precipitation Index
B b) Soil Productivity Indicator
C c) Storm Pressure Index
D d) Streamflow Prediction Input
A key element of community-based disaster risk reduction is:
A a) Centralized decision-making only
B b) Excluding local knowledge
C c) Participatory risk mapping and planning
D d) Focusing only on post-disaster relief
Non-structural mitigation for earthquakes includes:
A a) Base isolation only
B b) Retrofitting bridges
C c) Securing shelves and critical equipment
D d) Building sea walls
The primary cause of liquefaction is:
A a) Strong winds
B b) Groundwater extraction
C c) Shaking of water-saturated, loose sediments
D d) Volcanic ash deposition
The “Sendai Framework” (2015–2030) focuses on:
A a) Increasing fossil fuel use
B b) Nuclear disarmament
C c) Disaster risk reduction and resilience
D d) Only post-disaster aid